Macroscopic Examination
The physical look of a excrement sample will typically tell an excellent deal a couple of patient's condition. A change in color or clarity might indicate the presence of a malady and also the want for extra testing.
Color is typically some shade of yellow and sometimes varies with the concentration of the sample. The
most common color descriptions of traditional excrement square measure straw, light-weight yellow, yellow and dark yellow.
Amber coloured excrement is seen in patients with multiplied animal pigment levels and will indicate liver disease.
Clarity is a sign of the transparency of a specimen. it's best to evaluate clarity by perceptive
light through a recently mixed sample. Terms wont to describe clarity embrace clear, hazy, cloudy
and turbid. Freshly voided excrement that's properly collected is often clear or slightly hazy, while
contaminated excrement is additional seemingly to be hazy. contemporary excrement that's cloudy is usually the results of a
bacterial tract infection thanks to white blood cells within the excrement. murky excrement contains salt
crystals that precipitate out because the specimen cooled.
Methods of qualitative analysis
Reagent strips square measure the foremost wide used technique for detective work constituents gift within the excrement and
are on the market during a form of sorts. A chemical agent strip may be a firm plastic strip to that pads containing
chemical reactants square measure connected. Most chemical agent strips contain chemical agent areas that take a look at for pH, protein,
glucose, ketone, bilirubin, and blood. Some strips might also take a look at for stercobilinogen, leukocytes, nitrites
and relative density. The presence or absence of those constituents within the excrement provides data
on the standing of supermolecule metabolism, urinary organ and liver operate, and acid-base equilibrium of the
patient.
Performing the Chemical take a look at by chemical agent Strip
Chemical testing is performed by in brief dipping a chemical agent strip into contemporary excrement then noting the
color changes on the chemical agent pads at the suitable time by visually scrutiny to the colour chart
provided by the manufacturer. this will even be done on associate degree instrument that reads the
color and displays it on a lighted panel or provides a print out of the results. Automation eliminates
technical errors thanks to variations in temporal arrangement or interpretation of the colours. Color changes that occur
only on the sting of the take a look at space ought to be unnoticed.
Reagent strips square measure designed to be used just once and discarded. actual directions for the employment of the
strips square measure enclosed in every package and should be followed exactly for correct results.
Positive results for a few constituents might have any take a look ating by a verificatory test.
Exercise 11: gross and Chemical Examination of excrement
Quality management
The correct performance of the strips ought to be checked by daily testing strips with positive and
negative excrement controls. If the results of the controls don't match the manufacturer’s printed
results then patient testing can't be performed till the explanation for the error is decided. The first
course of action is to repeat the testing. If the results square measure still inaccurate then that instrumentality of strips
cannot be used. acquire a unique instrumentality of strips and repeat the controls. Report the matter
with the primary instrumentality to the supervisor. A decision to the manufacturer should be created to report the
problem. Most makers can replace strips that aren't giving correct results.
Causes of inaccurate internal control results include:
• Improper storage and/or handling of the strips. Strips square measure sensitive to moisture; solely take away
the number of strips you wish and so right away recap the instrumentality.
• mistreatment the strips on the far side the expiration date. Check and record the expiration date daily.
• Contamination of the strips. don't enable the pads on the strips to come back in reality with
fingers, gloves, or any work surface